Hydro-Carrbon : 11th class

 Q1. Select and Write the correct answer. (04)

 (a) Propane (b) Methane (c) Butane (d) Hexane

2. Which of the following compound has highest boiling point

(a) n-pentane (b) isobutane (c) butane (d) neopentane

3. Calcium carbide on reaction with H2O gives –

(a) Ethene (b) Ethane (c) Ethyne (d) Propyne

4. Acidic Hydrogen is present in –

(a) Ethane (b) Ethylene (c) Ethyne (d) Dimethyl Acetylene

Q2. Answer the following : (03)

1. Write the name of Isomers of Butane

2. Which compound is obtained by the aromatization reaction of n-Hexane

3. Write the structure of product obtained by dehydrohalogenation of Isopropyl bromide

Q3. Attempt any FOUR (08)

1. What is dehalogenation ? Write any one reaction of dehalogenation of vicinal dihalide to 

prepare alkene.

2. How will you prepare Acetaldehyde from Acetylene.

3. What is the action of (a) Cl2 and (b) H2 on prop-1-ene ?

4. Explain Friedel Craft alkylation reaction

5. Write a note on Wurtz reaction.

Q4. Attempt any TWO (06)

1. State and Explain Markovnikov’s rule with one example.

2. Explain Huckel rule of Aromaticity by giving two examples.

3. Identify A, B and C in the following reaction.

       CH3-CH=CH2      →    A         →      B       →    C

 Q5. A) Write the reaction of ozonolysis of ethene (02)

B) Write IUPAC names of the following compounds (02)

a) CH3-C-CH3= CH2  b). C2H5-C2H5-C-C2H5-C2H5

OR

A) How will you prepare benzene from (02)

a) Phenol b) Sodium benzoate

B) Write any four point of differences between Aromatic and Aliphatic compounds (02)

4th sem (6) : Create slides using different slide layouts

Aim:. Create slides using different slide layouts.

Apperatus :   A computer system having power point presentat

Diagram: 

Procedure : Apply a slide layout

1. Select the slide that you want to change the layout for.
2. Select Home > Layout.
3. Select the layout that you want. The layouts contain placeholders for text, videos, pictures, charts, shapes, clip art, a background, and more.

Result: A PPT has been created using different layouts

4th sem (5) : Creating and enhancing Power Point Presentation

 Aim : Creating and enhancing Power Point Presentation

Apperatus : A computer system with latest power point presentation.

Digram:

Procedure : Algorithm

Here is a way you can enhance it with music, images, and videos.

1. Crop Pictures to Fit Shapes

To add even more visual flair, you can also crop an image to make it automatically fit inside your shape.

2. Play Music in the Background During a Presentation

punch up your PowerPoint presentation with some tunes. While playing music in the background certainly isn’t always appropriate, adding audio for the duration of your presentation is an easy process that can make your slides a bit more interesting.

3. Combine Shapes to Create a Custom Shape

in PowerPoint, the standard shapes in the program might not suit your needs. We’ll show you how to merge multiple shapes to create your own custom shapes.

4. Add Sound Effects to Animations

The more interesting your PowerPoint slides are, the more engaged your audience will be. A great way to spice up your bullet points or images in a slide is to not only add animation, but to also add audio to the animation.

5. Remove the Background from a Picture

The Remove Background feature in PowerPoint 2016 helps you eliminate distracting backgrounds so the important parts of your image are front and center. In a few simple steps, you can create praiseworthy presentations and nobody will ever know you did all that fancy image editing right within PowerPoint.

6. Insert a Screenshot or Screen Clipping

A PowerPoint deck is a prime example of an Office document that brings together many types of rich media. And when you have a presentation with more than 20 slides, importing files can be tedious and take a lot of time. To help ease the time on image importing, the built-in screenshot button can speed up your PowerPoint deck creation.

7. Embed YouTube Videos

Incorporating rich media in your PowerPoint presentation is a sure way to keep your audience more interested. In PowerPoint 2013/2016, it’s as simple as a few clicks to embed a YouTube video into a slide. Whether you’re embedding a specific video, or need a clip from a famous movie to use as an analogy, find the right video and load it in your presentation in a matter of seconds.

Result : Created and enhanced Power Point Presentation.

 

4th sem (4): Creating e-mail id and use of internet to send/ receive e-mails.

Aim : Create a Google Account

A Google Account gives you access to many Google products. With a 

Google Account, you can do things like:

• Send and receive email using Gmail

• Find your new favorite video on YouTube

• Download apps from Google Play

Diagram : 

Step 1: Choose a Google Account type

For myself To manage a business

Important: When you create a Google Account for your business, you 

can turn business personalization on. A business account also makes 

it easier to set up Google My Business, which helps improve your 

business visibility and manage your online information.

When you create a Google Account, we ask for some personal info. 

By providing accurate info, you can help keep your account secure 

and make our services more useful.

Tip: You don't need a Gmail account to create a Google Account. You 

can use your non-Gmail email address to create one instead.

1. Go to the Google account Sign In page.

2. Click Create account.

3. Enter your name.

4. In the "Username" field, enter a username.

5. Enter and confirm your password.

6. Click Next.

• Optional: Add and verify a phone number for your account.

7. Click Next.

Use an existing email address

1. Go to the Google Account Sign In page.

2. Click Create account.

3. Enter your name.

4. Click Use my current email address instead.

5. Enter your current email address.

Result: A google account has been created and you can sent messages and files via this mail address.

4th sem (3) : Measurement of voltages of given dry batteries of different voltages

 Aim: Measurement of voltages of given dry batteries of different voltages

Apperatus : Two dry batteries of different voltages

Diagram : 

Procedure :

1 Two dry cells have been taken whose voltages are different.say 1.5 V and 12 V.

 A digital multimeter have been taken to measure the voltage.

3 use of a proper scale in multimeter has been selected in multimeter so that can measure both the v.

4 Note down the voltages taken by multimeter.

Result: 

The voltages of two dry cell batteries are calculated as 1.5V and 9v respect.

4thSem: (2)To measure power of an appliance and calculate time for 1 kWh unit of electric energy consumption.

 Aim : To measure power of an appliance and calculate time for 1 kWh unit of electric energy consumption.

Diagram : 

Procedure:

To calculate the consumption of an electrical appliance in kWh, you have to take into account three factors:

the capacity of your electrical appliance, expressed in watt.
the number of hours that the appliance is in use in one day.
the number of days per year when the appliance is in use.

The calculation :

[number of  hours’ use] x [number of days’ use] x ([capacity of appliance expressed in watt] / 1,000) = number of kWh

The capacity should be divided by 1,000 to convert the number of watts into the number of kilowatts. This finally gives us the number of kWh (kilowatt hours).

Calculation for the energy consumption of a vacuum cleaner

In the table below we assume that

 the vacuum cleaner is used for two hours once a week.

hours / day	2 hours
days / year	52 days
Capacity of vacuum cleaner	2000 watts

Result : 

Annual energy consumption of vacuum cleaner is calculated as

208kWh

2 x 52 x(2,000 watts/1,000)=208 kWh.

4th sem: (1) Study of transformer and determination of turn’s ratio

Aim : Study of transformer and determination of turn’s ratio

Apperatus : transformer, Multimeter

Formula : Vp/Vs= np / ns

• Where:
•   VP  –  is the Primary Voltage
•   VS  –  is the Secondary Voltage
•   NP  –  is the Number of Primary Windings
•   NS  –  is the Number of Secondary Windings
•   Φ (phi)  –  is the Flux Linkage

Diagram : 

Theory and Calculations:

A voltage transformer has 1500 turns of wire on its primary coil and 500 turns of wire for its secondary coil.( Can change the no of turns)

The turns ratio (TR) of the transformer.

( Primary to secondary )

 

This ratio of 3:1 (3-to-1) simply means that there are three primary windings for every one secondary winding. 

As the ratio changes from a larger number on the left to a smaller number on the right, the primary voltage is therefore becomes less i.e stepped down in value as shown.

Therefore When a transformer is used to “increase” the voltage on its secondary winding with respect to the primary, it is called a Step-up transformer.

 When it is used to “decrease” the voltage on the secondary winding with respect to the primary it is called a Step-down transformer.

Result : Thus the basic structure of transformer has been studied and Turns ratio of primary to secondary  is calculated as 3:1.

The given case is of step down Transformer.

Even sem 10: Scan a document, save it in PDF (Portable Document Format) and print it.

 Aim: Scan a document, save it in PDF (Portable Document Format) and print it.

Theory:

.PDF 

PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format developed by Adobe as a means of distributing compact, platform-independent documents. PDF captures formatting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications, making it possible to send formatted documents and have them appear on the recipient's monitor or printer as they were intended.

You can use Adobe Acrobat to create PDF files, and you can view PDF files either with Adobe Reader or via a web browser with the PDF Viewer plug-in. 

Digram: 

    

Algorithm: 

these simple steps to convert the document.

1. Open your document in Google Docs or create a new one.
2. Click File from the menu.
3. Go to Download and select PDF Document in the pop-out menu.
4. Open your document in Google Docs or create a new one.
5. Click File from the menu and select Print.
6. In the Print window, click the drop-down box next to Destination.
7. Choose Save as PDF.
8. You’ll be prompted to select a location on your computer for the file.
9. Click Save.                                                         
10.     Result : The document has been ready in pdf form. It can be sent to anyone via email.
11. 
    

Even sem 9:Scan a document, save it in JPEG format and print it

Aim: Scan a document, save it in JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format and print it. 

Theory :

.JPG (short for Joint Photographic Experts Group, and pronounced jay-peg)

.JPG (short for Joint Photographic Experts Group, and pronounced jay-peg) is a file format best used for photo images which must be very small files, for example, for web sites or for email. JPG uses lossy compression (lossy meaning "with losses to quality"). Lossy means that some image quality is lost when the JPG data is compressed and saved, and this quality can never be recovered.

File compression methods for most other file formats are lossless, meaning "fully recoverable". However, this integrity requirement does limit efficiency, limiting compression of photo image data to only 10% to 40% reduction in practice (graphics can be smaller).

Diagram:

Algorithm:

To create a image file in JPEG, TIFF, GIF, PNG, or BMP format:

 

•Open a document from a Windows application (Word, Excel, Internet Explorer, etc.)

•Print the document as you normally do but select the Win2Image printer

•You will be prompted to enter the name of the document, as shown on this screen:

Result :The created jpeg file has been ready to send.

It has been sent via mail by attachment.

Even 8: Determination of refractive index of a material of a prism.

 Aim : Determination of refractive index of a material of a prism.

Apparatus: A spectrometer, a spirit level, a source of monochromatic light (sodium

vapour lamp), a glass prism, a magnifying lens and a reading lamp.

Theory: When a beam of light strikes on the surface of transparent material (glass,

water, quartz crystal, etc.), the portion of the light is transmitted and and other portion

is reflected. The transmitted light ray has small deviation of the path from the incident

angle. This is called refraction.

Refraction is due to the change in speed of light while passing through the medium.

Formula: 

It is given by snell’s law

n1 sin i = n2 sin r

here i is the angle of incident, r is the angle of refraction, n1 is the refractive index of

the first medium and n2 is the refractive index of the second medium.

When a ray of light passes through a prism, it suffers refraction as shown in fig. 1.

Diagram: 

Procedure: 

Determine the least count of the spectrometer.

2. Place the prism on the prism table with its refracting angle A towards the collimator

and with its refracting edge A at the centre. In this case some of the light falling

on each face will be reflected and can be received with the help of the telescope (as

shown in fig. 3).

3. The telescope is moved to one side to receive the light reflected from the face AB

and the cross wires are focused on the image of the slit. The readings of the two

verniers are taken.

4. The telescope is moved in other side to receive the light reflected from the face AC

and again the cross wires are focused on the image of the slit. The readings of the

two verniers are taken.

5. The angle through which the telescope is moved; or the difference in the two posi-

tions gives twice of the refracting angle A of the prism. Therefore half of this angle

gives the refracting angle of the prism.6. Angle of prism is calculated and found to be calculated as 60°.

Result : Refractive index of the material of the prism : .1.55

Precautions:

1. The telescope and collimator should be individually set for parallel rays.

2. Slit should be as narrow as possible.

3. Both verniers should be read.

4. The prism should be properly placed on the prism table for the measurement of

angle of the prism as well as for the angle of minimum deviation.

Even 7. Determination of Focal Length of a given convex lens.

 

Aim
To find, the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.

Apparatus
An optical bench , two convex lens with lens holder,  a half metre scale.

Formulae: The relation between u, v and f for a convex lens is

1/f = 1/v - 1/u 

where,
f = focal length of convex lens
u = distance of object needle from optical centre of the lens
v = distance of image needle from optical centre of the lens.

Diagram: 

Procedure: 

To determine focal length of given lens

1. Fix the convex lens in lens holder.
2. Go out in the open and face the lens towards distant tree or building.
3. Obtain the image of the tree or the building on (a white painted wall) screen and move the lens forward and backward to get a sharp image on the wall.
4. Measure the distance between the lens and the wall (screen). This will be equal to the focal length of the lens.
5. Repeat the above steps for more accurate measurement of focal length.
6.  To calculate the focal length  of convex lens.Record the observations for different values of u and v.

Observations:

focal length of the given convex lens is calculated using the formula given in the experiment

Distance of object from lens recorded as 'u'

And image from lens as 'v'

Result
The focal length of the given convex lens as determined from 
f = uv/ (u-v), 

when u = 6 cm, v = 4 cm

Using sign convention u = -6 cm ,v = 4 cm

f = -24/(-6-4) = -24/(-10)  = 2.4 cm

Precautions:

Distances u,v should be taken carefully and minutely.

According to sign-convention, u has negative value and v has positive value. Hence, f comes positive.

Even 6: Determination of refractive Index of a material of glass slab.

 Aim: Determination of refractive Index of a material of glass slab.

Apperatus : glass slab ,ruler,chalk,pencil, traveling microscope

Formula : 

n = real depth / apperant depth

Diagram : 

Prcedure : 

The principle:When a glass slab is placed on a horizontal surface, and its bottom surface is viewed from the top, due to refraction, it appears to be elevated. The apparent thickness of the slab is determined from the distance between the apparent bottom and the top of the glass slab. 

1. Here first observe the ink dot without glass slab with the help of traveling microscope focus the image with the help of vertical scale.

2.calculate the real depth of glass slab i.e thickness. Put a glass slab on that ink dot and see that the dot is appearing near to the eyepiece than the original position. Note down the reading from traveling microscope.

3. Calculate the real and apparent depth as shown in fig 1. Calculate the RI of glass slab from formula.

Result: 

The ratio R3−R1R3−R2 is constant and gives the refractive index of the glass slab. Calculated as RI=1.5

Precautions

1. The parallax in a microscope should be removed properly.
2. To avoid backlash error, the microscope should be moved upward.

n=realthicknessoftheslabapparentthicknessoftheslab

Gravitation- Multiple Choice Questions

PHYSICS paper II , B.Sc II sem pure

Gravitation- Multiple Choice Questions

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.( Any 10)

1. Newton reasoned that the gravitational 

attraction between Earth and the moon must be 

_____.

a. reduced by distance

b. independent of distance

c. directly proportional to distance

d. the same at all distances

2. If the mass of Earth increased, with no change in radius, your weight would _____.

a. stay the same

b. decrease

c. increase also

d none of above

3. If the radius of Earth decreased, with no change in mass, your weight would _____.

a. not change

b. increase

c. decrease

4. If Earth's mass decreased to one half its original mass, with no change in radius, then your weight would _____.

a. stay the same

b. decrease to one half your original weight

c. decrease to one quarter your original weight

d. none of the above

5. The gravitational force between two massive 

spheres 

a. is always an attraction.

b. depends on how massive they are.

c. depends inversely on the square of the 

distances between them.

d. all of the above

6. A very massive object A and a less massive object 

B move toward each other under the influence of 

mutual gravitation. Which force, if either, is 

greater?

a. The force on B

b. The force on A

c. Both forces are the same.

7. Two objects move toward each other because of gravitational attraction. As the objects get closer and closer, the force between them _____.

a. remains constant

b. decreases

c. increases

8. Suppose the gravitational force between two 

massive spheres is 100 N. If the distance between the spheres is doubled, what is the force between the masses?

a. 400 N

b. 200 N

c. 100 N

d. 50 N

e. 25 N

9. The force of gravity on you is greatest when you are standing _____.

a. far above Earth's surface

b. just above Earth's surface

c. on Earth's surface

10. A planet has half the mass of the Earth and half 

the radius. Compared to its weight on Earth, an 

apple on this planet would weigh _____.

a. twice as much

b. one-fourth as much

c. half as much

d. the same

e. zero

11. If you stood atop a ladder on Earth that was as 

tall as Earth's radius (so you were twice as far 

from Earth's center) your weight atop the ladder 

would be _____.

a. one-eighth its normal value

b. one-quarter its normal value

c. half its normal value

d. none of the above

12. A 560-N woman stands on top of a very tall 

ladder so she is one Earth radius above Earth's 

surface. How much does she weigh?

a. zero

b. 140 N

c. 280 N

d. 560 N

e. none of the above

13. Suppose the gravitational force between two 

spheres is 30 N. If the magnitude of each mass 

doubles, what is the force between the masses?

a. 8 N

b. 15 N

c. 30 N

d. 60 N

e. 120 N

14. What event will produce the greatest inrease in 

the gravitational force between the two masses?

a. Doubling the large mass

b. Doubling the distance between the masses

c. Reducing the small mass by half

d. Reducing the distance between the masses by 

half