Even sem 10: Scan a document, save it in PDF (Portable Document Format) and print it.

 Aim: Scan a document, save it in PDF (Portable Document Format) and print it.

Theory:

.PDF 

PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format developed by Adobe as a means of distributing compact, platform-independent documents. PDF captures formatting information from a variety of desktop publishing applications, making it possible to send formatted documents and have them appear on the recipient's monitor or printer as they were intended.

You can use Adobe Acrobat to create PDF files, and you can view PDF files either with Adobe Reader or via a web browser with the PDF Viewer plug-in. 

Digram: 

    

Algorithm: 

these simple steps to convert the document.

1. Open your document in Google Docs or create a new one.
2. Click File from the menu.
3. Go to Download and select PDF Document in the pop-out menu.
4. Open your document in Google Docs or create a new one.
5. Click File from the menu and select Print.
6. In the Print window, click the drop-down box next to Destination.
7. Choose Save as PDF.
8. You’ll be prompted to select a location on your computer for the file.
9. Click Save.                                                         
10.     Result : The document has been ready in pdf form. It can be sent to anyone via email.
11. 
    

Even sem 9:Scan a document, save it in JPEG format and print it

Aim: Scan a document, save it in JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) format and print it. 

Theory :

.JPG (short for Joint Photographic Experts Group, and pronounced jay-peg)

.JPG (short for Joint Photographic Experts Group, and pronounced jay-peg) is a file format best used for photo images which must be very small files, for example, for web sites or for email. JPG uses lossy compression (lossy meaning "with losses to quality"). Lossy means that some image quality is lost when the JPG data is compressed and saved, and this quality can never be recovered.

File compression methods for most other file formats are lossless, meaning "fully recoverable". However, this integrity requirement does limit efficiency, limiting compression of photo image data to only 10% to 40% reduction in practice (graphics can be smaller).

Diagram:

Algorithm:

To create a image file in JPEG, TIFF, GIF, PNG, or BMP format:

 

•Open a document from a Windows application (Word, Excel, Internet Explorer, etc.)

•Print the document as you normally do but select the Win2Image printer

•You will be prompted to enter the name of the document, as shown on this screen:

Result :The created jpeg file has been ready to send.

It has been sent via mail by attachment.

Even 8: Determination of refractive index of a material of a prism.

 Aim : Determination of refractive index of a material of a prism.

Apparatus: A spectrometer, a spirit level, a source of monochromatic light (sodium

vapour lamp), a glass prism, a magnifying lens and a reading lamp.

Theory: When a beam of light strikes on the surface of transparent material (glass,

water, quartz crystal, etc.), the portion of the light is transmitted and and other portion

is reflected. The transmitted light ray has small deviation of the path from the incident

angle. This is called refraction.

Refraction is due to the change in speed of light while passing through the medium.

Formula: 

It is given by snell’s law

n1 sin i = n2 sin r

here i is the angle of incident, r is the angle of refraction, n1 is the refractive index of

the first medium and n2 is the refractive index of the second medium.

When a ray of light passes through a prism, it suffers refraction as shown in fig. 1.

Diagram: 

Procedure: 

Determine the least count of the spectrometer.

2. Place the prism on the prism table with its refracting angle A towards the collimator

and with its refracting edge A at the centre. In this case some of the light falling

on each face will be reflected and can be received with the help of the telescope (as

shown in fig. 3).

3. The telescope is moved to one side to receive the light reflected from the face AB

and the cross wires are focused on the image of the slit. The readings of the two

verniers are taken.

4. The telescope is moved in other side to receive the light reflected from the face AC

and again the cross wires are focused on the image of the slit. The readings of the

two verniers are taken.

5. The angle through which the telescope is moved; or the difference in the two posi-

tions gives twice of the refracting angle A of the prism. Therefore half of this angle

gives the refracting angle of the prism.6. Angle of prism is calculated and found to be calculated as 60°.

Result : Refractive index of the material of the prism : .1.55

Precautions:

1. The telescope and collimator should be individually set for parallel rays.

2. Slit should be as narrow as possible.

3. Both verniers should be read.

4. The prism should be properly placed on the prism table for the measurement of

angle of the prism as well as for the angle of minimum deviation.

Even 7. Determination of Focal Length of a given convex lens.

 

Aim
To find, the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.

Apparatus
An optical bench , two convex lens with lens holder,  a half metre scale.

Formulae: The relation between u, v and f for a convex lens is

1/f = 1/v - 1/u 

where,
f = focal length of convex lens
u = distance of object needle from optical centre of the lens
v = distance of image needle from optical centre of the lens.

Diagram: 

Procedure: 

To determine focal length of given lens

1. Fix the convex lens in lens holder.
2. Go out in the open and face the lens towards distant tree or building.
3. Obtain the image of the tree or the building on (a white painted wall) screen and move the lens forward and backward to get a sharp image on the wall.
4. Measure the distance between the lens and the wall (screen). This will be equal to the focal length of the lens.
5. Repeat the above steps for more accurate measurement of focal length.
6.  To calculate the focal length  of convex lens.Record the observations for different values of u and v.

Observations:

focal length of the given convex lens is calculated using the formula given in the experiment

Distance of object from lens recorded as 'u'

And image from lens as 'v'

Result
The focal length of the given convex lens as determined from 
f = uv/ (u-v), 

when u = 6 cm, v = 4 cm

Using sign convention u = -6 cm ,v = 4 cm

f = -24/(-6-4) = -24/(-10)  = 2.4 cm

Precautions:

Distances u,v should be taken carefully and minutely.

According to sign-convention, u has negative value and v has positive value. Hence, f comes positive.

Even 6: Determination of refractive Index of a material of glass slab.

 Aim: Determination of refractive Index of a material of glass slab.

Apperatus : glass slab ,ruler,chalk,pencil, traveling microscope

Formula : 

n = real depth / apperant depth

Diagram : 

Prcedure : 

The principle:When a glass slab is placed on a horizontal surface, and its bottom surface is viewed from the top, due to refraction, it appears to be elevated. The apparent thickness of the slab is determined from the distance between the apparent bottom and the top of the glass slab. 

1. Here first observe the ink dot without glass slab with the help of traveling microscope focus the image with the help of vertical scale.

2.calculate the real depth of glass slab i.e thickness. Put a glass slab on that ink dot and see that the dot is appearing near to the eyepiece than the original position. Note down the reading from traveling microscope.

3. Calculate the real and apparent depth as shown in fig 1. Calculate the RI of glass slab from formula.

Result: 

The ratio R3−R1R3−R2 is constant and gives the refractive index of the glass slab. Calculated as RI=1.5

Precautions

1. The parallax in a microscope should be removed properly.
2. To avoid backlash error, the microscope should be moved upward.

n=realthicknessoftheslabapparentthicknessoftheslab

Gravitation- Multiple Choice Questions

PHYSICS paper II , B.Sc II sem pure

Gravitation- Multiple Choice Questions

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.( Any 10)

1. Newton reasoned that the gravitational 

attraction between Earth and the moon must be 

_____.

a. reduced by distance

b. independent of distance

c. directly proportional to distance

d. the same at all distances

2. If the mass of Earth increased, with no change in radius, your weight would _____.

a. stay the same

b. decrease

c. increase also

d none of above

3. If the radius of Earth decreased, with no change in mass, your weight would _____.

a. not change

b. increase

c. decrease

4. If Earth's mass decreased to one half its original mass, with no change in radius, then your weight would _____.

a. stay the same

b. decrease to one half your original weight

c. decrease to one quarter your original weight

d. none of the above

5. The gravitational force between two massive 

spheres 

a. is always an attraction.

b. depends on how massive they are.

c. depends inversely on the square of the 

distances between them.

d. all of the above

6. A very massive object A and a less massive object 

B move toward each other under the influence of 

mutual gravitation. Which force, if either, is 

greater?

a. The force on B

b. The force on A

c. Both forces are the same.

7. Two objects move toward each other because of gravitational attraction. As the objects get closer and closer, the force between them _____.

a. remains constant

b. decreases

c. increases

8. Suppose the gravitational force between two 

massive spheres is 100 N. If the distance between the spheres is doubled, what is the force between the masses?

a. 400 N

b. 200 N

c. 100 N

d. 50 N

e. 25 N

9. The force of gravity on you is greatest when you are standing _____.

a. far above Earth's surface

b. just above Earth's surface

c. on Earth's surface

10. A planet has half the mass of the Earth and half 

the radius. Compared to its weight on Earth, an 

apple on this planet would weigh _____.

a. twice as much

b. one-fourth as much

c. half as much

d. the same

e. zero

11. If you stood atop a ladder on Earth that was as 

tall as Earth's radius (so you were twice as far 

from Earth's center) your weight atop the ladder 

would be _____.

a. one-eighth its normal value

b. one-quarter its normal value

c. half its normal value

d. none of the above

12. A 560-N woman stands on top of a very tall 

ladder so she is one Earth radius above Earth's 

surface. How much does she weigh?

a. zero

b. 140 N

c. 280 N

d. 560 N

e. none of the above

13. Suppose the gravitational force between two 

spheres is 30 N. If the magnitude of each mass 

doubles, what is the force between the masses?

a. 8 N

b. 15 N

c. 30 N

d. 60 N

e. 120 N

14. What event will produce the greatest inrease in 

the gravitational force between the two masses?

a. Doubling the large mass

b. Doubling the distance between the masses

c. Reducing the small mass by half

d. Reducing the distance between the masses by 

half

II sem : 5. Experimental verification of series and parallel combination of resistances using multi-meter

Aim :  Experimental verification of series and parallel combination of resistances using multi-meter

Apperatus : Metal wire,ohm's law kit, various resistances, Multimeter

Formula:

    R  =   R1 + R2 + R3

     Rp  =  R1R2 / (R1 + R2)

Theory and Procedure: 

Resistance. The electrical resistance of a circuit  device is defined as the ratio of the voltage applied to the electric current which flows through it: If the resistance is constant over a considerable range of voltage, then Ohm's law, 

Resistances in Series : 

                      

         V =V1 + V2 + V3

            IR = IR1 + IR2 +IR3

                  = I(R1 + R2 +R3)

             R  =   R1 + R2 + R3

Resistances in Parallel : 

         I = I1 + I2 

       V/Rp = V/R1 + V/R2

           V/Rp = V(1/R1 + 1/R2)

       1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2

                   Rp = R1R2 / (R1 + R2)

Result : Experimentally series and parallel combination of resistances  have been verified using multi-meter.

II sem : 4 Experimental verification of Ohm’s Law.

Aim : Experimental verification of Ohm’s Law.

Apperatus : Metal wire,ohm's law kit

Formula: Ohm's law, 

         I = V/R, V= IR and R= V/I

Digram : 

Theory and Procedure: 

Resistance. The electrical resistance of a circuit  device is defined as the ratio of the voltage applied to the electric current which flows through it: If the resistance is constant over a considerable range of voltage, then Ohm's law, 

                                       I = V/R, 

can be used to predict the behavior of the material.

Resistivity, commonly symbolized by the Greek letter rho, ρ, is quantitatively equal to the resistance R of a specimen such as a wire, multiplied by its cross-sectional area a, and divided by its length l; ρ = Ra/l.

Ohm's law in terms of Resistance R= V/I

Result: I = V/R, V= IR and R= V/I , Voltage across junction is equal to the product of current flowing through the  circuit and Resistance i.e ohm's  law is verified.

4. Determination of density of a solid object.

 Aim : Determination of density of a solid object.

Apperatus : Metal ball of radius 1.5 cm, mass of metal ball is 50 g

Formula :

1.Density of object = Mass / Volume

2. Volume of spherical ball = 4/3π r^3

Diagram: 

Procedure: 1 Take a metal ball of diameter 3 cm

2. Find its radius by dividing diameter by 2

3. Calculate the volume of metal ball by formula which is given.

4. Measure the weight of ball with the help of weighing balance.

5 Now calculate the density of material of given ball. With the help of formula.

Result : Density of the metal ball is calculated as 397.60782021 g/cc

Precautions : Diameter of sphere is identified correctly

Density of material is different for different substance.

Exp no.6. : Open MS-Office, create file in MS Excel and enter given data in it, creating a worksheet in excel

 Aim: Open MS-Office, create file in MS Word and perform various operations in it.

Apperatus: A computer with Microsoft office is installed

Diagram: 

Procedure:

the steps for opening an Excel workbook.

• To create a new worksheet, open Microsoft Excel and click the File tab.
• Click New and then click the Blank Workbook option.
• To create a workbook from a template, under New, click the Search for Online Templates search bar and enter the type of template required
• Click the Search icon.
• Select any of the available Templates and click Create.
• To open an existing workbook, click File, then click Open.
• Click Computer and then click Browse.
• In the open pop-up window, navigate to the Excel file you want to open, select it and click open.

• Result:

  1. How to start a document 

  2. How to enter data in a sheet

  3. How to select text 

  4. How to format text 

  5. How to copy and paste

  6. How to center, left align, right align, and justify text,merge

  7. How to create a numbered or bulleted list.

  8. How to print a document. And plot a graph.

  9. How to save a document.

  10. How to open a saved document 

  11. How to email a document

  These many operations we have studied while preparing a microsft-excel document.

Exp no 5 : Open MS-Office, create file in MS Word and perform various operations in it

Aim: Open MS-Office, create file in MS Word and perform various operations in it.

Apperatus: A computer with Microsoft office is installed

Diagram: 

Procedure:

 A computer with Microsoft Word installed.

Follow these step-by-step instructions to start a document in Microsoft Word

Step 1: From the desktop or from your ‘Start’ menu, open Microsoft Word.

If the Word 2013 icon does not appear you can search for it, using the 'Search programs and files' 

box in the picture above.

Step 2: Microsoft Word will open up and present you with an option to select a document template, or 

a blank document.

Step 3: If you don't want to use any of the templates on display, click on the blank document.

Step 4: A new blank document will open up ready for you to start typing.

Follow these step-by-step instructions to move around a document

Step 1: From the desktop or from your ‘Start’ menu, open Microsoft Word.

Step 2: Click either File or the Office button at the top left. Select Open and browse to the document 

you wish to open. Double-click on it with your left-hand mouse button to open it.

Step 3: The flashing cursor (mouse pointer) in the document tells you where you’re typing. Wherever 

the flashing cursor is placed, the letters that you type will be inserted at that point. When you start a 

blank document, the flashing cursor will be at the start of your document ready for you to start typing.

Step 4: As you type, the cursor will also move with each letter. This guides you so that you know 

where the focus is for typing.

Step 5: The mouse can be used for moving around a document. When the mouse pointer is moved 

over a text area, the pointer will change from an arrow to a ‘text select’ or ‘I-beam’ icon

Result:

1. How to start a document 

2. How to move around a document 

3. How to select text 

4. How to format text 

5. How to copy and paste

6. How to center, left align, right align, and justify text 

7. How to create a numbered or bulleted list.

8. How to print a document.

9. How to save a document.

10. How to open a saved document 

11. How to email a document

These many operations we have studied while preparing a word document.

Exp no 8 : Visit to industries making/repairing home appliances.

 Aim :  Visit to industries making/repairing home appliances.

Industrial visit:

 Due to pendamic situation by Corona Virus, we have visited the industry via you tube, at Hawell's company, where we have visited the electric gyser unit.

Havells is one of the market leaders when it comes to water heating appliances segment.  FMEG (fast-moving electrical goods) comapany. Havells command a strong market presence, offering a wide spectrum of products like industrial & domestic circuit protection devices, cables & wires, motors, fans, modular switches, home appliances, electric water heaters, CFL lamps, luminaires for domestic, commercial and industrial applications. Also, recently it has ventured into AC, TV and washing machine 

market .

Water heaters are classified in two ways. First is based on the capacity, where it can be storage water heater also known as a tanked water heater with capacity generally around 8-10 litres or more. While another type is instant water heaters, also called tankless water heaters which generally have much lesser capacity but deliver much faster heating than the storage counterpart.

Photo of online visit:

Result: Actual visiting in a Processing and Manufacturing units of any industry have a great experience in our degree course.

It will really help us a lot.

We can understand the exact working of any appliances by visiting the industry.

This surely help us in future.

Exp no.3/4: Calibration of bimetallic strip and verification of automation.

 Aim : 

Calibration of bimetallic strip and verification of automation.

Apperatus : Bimetallic Strip, spirit lamp, Tap water. Ruler etc

Diagram: 

Theory of bimetallic strip

bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature. The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled.

Result: Expansion of bimetallic strip is depend on its Thermal coefficient.This effect is used in a range of mechanical and electrical devices.